Rieter

Index

• • General - Technology of Short-staple Spinning
  • Raw Material as a Factor Influencing Spinning
    • Characteristics of the raw material
    • Fiber fineness
      • The influence of fineness
      • Specification of fineness
      • Fiber maturity
    • Fiber length
      • The influence of length
      • The staple diagram
      • Various diagram forms
        • Rectangular staple
        • Triangular staple
        • Trapezoidal staple
        • Stepped staple
        • Fibrogram
      • The specification of length
      • The proportion of short fibers
    • Fiber strength
    • Fiber elongation
    • The slenderness ratio (stiffness)
    • Fiber cleanness
      • Impurities
      • Neps
      • Dust
        • Definition
        • Problems created by dust
    • Chemical deposits (sticky substances)
    • Relative importance of the fiber influences
  • Opening
    • The need for opening
    • Type and degree of opening
    • The intensity of opening
    • General considerations regarding opening and cleaning
    • Carding
      • The purpose of carding
      • Clothing arrangements
        • Carding disposition
        • Doffing disposition
      • Forces acting on the fibers
        • Carding disposition
        • Doffing disposition
        • Centrifugal forces
      • Fiber transfer factor
      • The most important working regions in carding
        • Pre-opening between feed roller and licker-in
        • Carding between main cylinder and flats
        • Transfer zone at the doffer
    • Straightening-out of fiber hooks
      • The straightening-out operation
      • Required number of machine passages
  • Cleaning
    • Impurities to be eliminated
    • Possibilities for cleaning
    • Grid and mote knives
    • Influencing factors
    • Degree of cleaning and resistance to cleaning
    • Dust removal
  • Blending
    • The purpose of blending
    • Evaluation of the blend
    • De-blending
    • Blending procedures
      • Stages in the blending operation
      • Metering
  • Reducing the Unevenness of Yarn Mass
    • Unevenness of yarn mass
      • The unevenness limit
      • Deterioration in evenness during processing
      • Unevenness over different lengths
    • Basic possibilities for equalizing
    • Doubling
      • The averaging effect
      • Transverse doubling
      • Back-doubling
    • Leveling
      • Measuring, open- and closed-loop control
      • Open-loop control
      • Closed-loop control
      • Adjustment of the draft
    • Drafting with simultaneous twisting
  • Attenuation (draft)
    • The draft of the drafting arrangement
      • Draft and attenuation
      • The drafting operation
    • The drafting operation in the drafting arrangement
      • Drafting force
      • Stick-slip motion
    • Behavior of fibers in the drafting zone
      • Fiber guidance
      • Floating fibers
    • Friction fields
      • The fiber friction field
      • Influencing factors
    • Distribution of draft
    • Other drafting possibilities
      • Mule spinning
      • Draft at the opening roller
    • Additional effects of draft
  • Yarn Formation
    • Assembly of fibers to make up a yarn
      • Arrangement of the fibers
      • Number of fibers in the yarn cross-section
      • Fiber disposition
      • The order of fibers within the yarn
      • The positions of the fibers in the yarn structure
        • Ring-spun yarns
        • Open-end spun yarns
        • Wrap yarns
        • Airjet Yarns
      • Yarn structure
    • Fiber migration
    • Imparting strength
      • Possibilities for imparting strength
      • True twist (with reference to ring-spun yarn)
        • The direction of twist
        • Twist and strength
        • Deformation of the yarn in length and width
        • Twist formulas
        • Derivation of the twist equation
      • False twist
        • Operating principle
        • Imparting strength by false twist
        • False twist at other places in the spinning process
      • Self-twist
  • Handling Material
    • Carriers for material
      • Material carriers and transport
      • Package forms
        • Classification
        • The most widely used package forms with internal formers
    • Laying down in cans
      • Laying down of sliver
      • Large and small coils
      • Twisting of the sliver
    • Winding by rolling and lap forming
    • Winding on flyer bobbins
      • Build-up of the package
      • Speed relationships
      • The winding principle
    • Winding of cops
      • Build of cops
        • Form of cops
        • The formation of the base
        • The formation of the conical layers
      • The winding process
        • The winding principle
        • Variation in the speed of the traveler
        • Variation in yarn twist
      • Force and tension relationships during winding by using travelers
        • Preliminary remarks
        • Conditions at the traveler in the plane of the ring
        • Changes in the force conditions
        • Conditions at the traveler in the plane through the spindle axis
        • Changes in the conditions
        • Conditions at the traveler in the tangential plane
        • Balloon tension
      • Effects on the traveler
  • Quality Assurance
    • The necessity
    • The structure of the Mill Information System (MIS)
    • The Rieter “SPIDERweb” Mill Information System (Mill Monitoring System)
    • Comment
  • References
• • The Blowroom
    • Introduction
    • Summary of the process
      • Basic operations in the blowroom
        • Opening
        • Cleaning
        • Dust removal
        • Blending
        • Even feed of material to the card
      • Feed material
        • Raw material
        • Re-usable waste
        • Adding waste to the raw material
        • Material from bales
        • Acclimatization of the raw material
      • The blowroom installation as a sequence of machines
    • The components of blowroom machines
      • Feeding apparatus
      • Opening devices
        • Classification
        • Endless path devices (spiked lattices)
        • Gripping elements (plucking springs)
        • Rotating devices
      • The grid
        • The grid as an operating device
        • The elements of the grid
        • Waste collecting chambers under the grid
        • Grid adjustment
      • Interaction of feed assembly, opening element and grid
      • Alternative cleaning possibilities
      • General factors influencing opening and cleaning
    • High-performance machines ought to be easy to handle
      • Demands
      • Rieter VarioSet
    • Transport of material
      • The need for transport
      • Mechanical transport equipment
      • Pneumatic transport
        • Basic principle
        • Separation of air and material
    • Control of material flow
      • Classification
      • Optical regulating systems in batch operation
      • Continuous operation
      • Rieter UNIcommand
    • Damage prevention and fire protection
      • Metal detection
        • Magnetic metal extractors
        • Electronic metal extractors
        • ComboShield (Rieter)
    • Waste management
      • Economy of raw material utilization
      • Quantity of waste material
      • Classification of spinning mill waste
      • Recycling of waste
        • Recycling installation for reusable waste
        • Recycling of dirty waste
        • Recycling plant for all types of waste
        • On-line recycling plant for the entire spinning mill
      • Handling dust and fly
        • The problem of dust and fly
        • Dust filtering
        • Central filter installations
      • Final disposal of waste
  • The Card
    • Summary
      • Introduction
      • The tasks of the card
        • Opening into individual fibers
        • Elimination of impurities
        • Elimination of dust
        • Disentangling neps
        • Elimination of short fibers
        • Fiber blending
        • Fiber orientation
        • Sliver formation
      • Operating principle
      • Varying types of design
        • Basic considerations
        • Duo or tandem cards
    • The operating zones of the card
      • Material feed
        • Requirements
        • Basic concept of tuft feed
        • The two-piece chute system
        • Fine cleaning integrated in the card chute
      • Feed device to the licker-in
        • Conventional system
        • Feed in the same direction as licker-in rotation (unidirectional feed)
      • The licker-in zone
        • The licker-in
        • The operation of the licker-in
        • Elimination of waste
        • Transfer of fibers to the main cylinder
      • Auxiliary carding devices (carding aids)
        • Need for such assemblies
        • Increase in the number of lickers-in
        • Carding plates or carding bars
        • Purpose and effect of carding elements
      • Main cylinder
        • The cylinder
        • The casing of the cylinder
      • Flats
        • Function
        • Construction of the flats
        • Movement of the flats
        • Carding plates instead of flats
        • Cleaning positions in front of the flats
      • Doffing
        • The doffer
        • The doffing operation
      • Detaching
        • The detaching apparatus
        • Crushing rollers (web crushing)
        • Coiling in cans
    • The machine drive
    • Card clothing
      • Choice of clothing
      • Classification
      • Flexible clothing in detail
      • Semi-rigid clothing
      • Metallic clothing
        • Manufacture of metallic clothing
        • The geometry of the clothing
        • The most important operating parameters of the clothing
        • Clothing suggestions
    • Autoleveling equipment
      • Basics
      • Classification
      • The principle of short-term autoleveling
        • Regulation at the delivery
        • Autoleveling in the infeed
      • The principle of medium-term autoleveling
      • The principle of long-term leveling
      • Measuring devices
        • The active pneumatic system
        • The mechanical principle
    • Maintenance
      • Stripping the clothing
      • Burnishing the clothing
      • Grinding the clothing
        • Intervals between grinding
        • Grinding depth
        • Grinding the flats
        • The grinding tools
      • High-performance maintenance systems
        • Requirements
        • Easy exchange of modules
        • Rieter’s automatic grinding system (IGS)
        • IGS-top integrated grinding system
        • The sharp edge makes all the difference
    • Settings
      • Basics
      • Table of settings
    • Auxiliary equipment
      • Dust extraction on high-performance cards
      • Waste disposal
    • Technical data of three high performance cards
  • References
• • The Combing Section
    • Introduction
      • Shortcomings of the combing machine
      • The comber‘s task
      • Types of application
        • General - Types of application
        • Long-staple combing mills
        • Medium-staple combing mills
        • Short to medium-staple combing mills
      • Types of comber
      • Sequence of operations in a rectilinear comber
      • Preparation of stock for combing
    • Technology of combing
      • Parameters influencing the combing operation
      • Influence of the feed stock on combing
        • Parallelization of the fibers in the batt
        • Batt thickness (weight)
        • Evenness of the batt sheet
        • The disposition of the hooks
      • Influence of combing operation on quality
    • The noil extraction theory
      • Derivation according to Gégauff
        • Definitions
        • Noil elimination with backward feed
        • Noil extraction with forward feed
      • The quality of the combing operation in forward and backward feeding
      • The influence of machine components and settings on combing
        • The feed amount moved per cycle
        • Type of feed
        • The detachment setting
        • The number of points on the combs
        • The depth of penetration of the top comb
        • Piecing
    • Preparation of the stock for combing
      • Outline
      • Conventional system
      • Modern preparation system (sliver doubling system)
        • The first machines using this system
        • Infeed
        • The lap winding assembly – conventional system
        • Former VARIOspeed arrangement on the UNIlap
        • System incorporating the latest technology
        • Main data
    • The comber
      • Outline
        • Classification
        • Description of functions of the Rieter E 66 comber
      • The feed
        • Feed of the lap sheet
        • The feed device
      • The nipper assembly
        • The construction of the nipper assembly
        • The nipper movements
        • Hanging and standing pendulum
      • The comb
        • The circular comb
        • The top comb
        • The operation of the combs
      • Take-off of material
        • Piecing
        • Withdrawal of the web and formation of a sliver
        • Sliver take-off
      • The drafting arrangement
      • Coiling the sliver
      • Waste removal
      • Machine data
        • The sequence of movements in the machine
        • Technical data of the Rieter E 75
    • The Saco Lowell double-sided comber
    • Automation in the combing section
      • Outline
      • Transport automation
      • Machine automation (comber)
    • Number of drawframe passages
    • Upgrading of raw material
      • New market segments due to upgrading of cotton
        • Definition
        • Changes in demand and in the processing possibilities
      • Some preconditions
  • The Drawframe
    • Introduction
    • The task of the drawframe
      • Equalizing
      • Parallelizing
      • Blending
      • Dust removal
    • Operating principle
    • Operating devices
      • Creel (sliver feed)
      • The drafting arrangement (general considerations)
        • Requirements
        • Influences on the draft
        • Elements of drafting arrangements in short staple spinning generally
        • Types of drafting arrangement used on drawframes
      • Suction systems for the drafting arrangement
      • Coiling
        • The delivery arrangement
        • Condensing
        • Sliver coiling
        • Can changers
        • One or two deliveries per machine
    • Monitoring and autoleveling
      • Aim of autoleveling
      • Classification
      • Monitoring devices with self-compensation
      • Monitoring devices with autoleveling systems
        • Classification
      • Leveling drawframes with open-loop control
      • Leveling drawframes with closed-loop control
      • Correction length
      • The Rieter RSB leveling system
        • The principle
        • Scanning the mass of infeed slivers
        • The leveling process
        • The leveling operation itself
        • The advantages of high-performance leveling drawframes
      • The integrated monitoring system (process control techniques)
        • “Integrated monitoring” – essential in spinning
        • The method of operation
        • A quality monitoring system
    • Blending drawframes
    • Logistics
    • Technical data of a high-performance drawframe
  • The Roving Frame
    • Introduction
      • The roving frame as a necessary evil
      • Demands placed upon the modern roving frame
      • Tasks of the roving frame
    • Description of functions
      • Operating sequence
      • Effects of the arrangement of the bobbins in two rows
    • The operating zones of the roving frame
      • The creel
      • The drafting arrangement
        • Description
        • The aprons
        • Applying pressure to the top rollers
        • The condenser
        • Spacing the top and bottom aprons
      • Spindle and flyer
        • Imparting twist
        • Various designs of flyers
        • The flyer
        • The flyer top
        • The presser arm
      • Winding of the bobbin
    • Machine drive system
      • General - Machine drive system
      • Mechanical drive systems
        • Bobbin drive
        • Cone drive transmission
        • Shifting the belt
        • Correction rail (compensation rail, correction rod)
        • Lifter motion
        • Builder motion
        • Shifting the cone belt
        • Reversal of the bobbin rail movement
        • Shortening the lift
      • Gear change positions of the roving frame (on old roving frames)
      • Electronic drive system
    • Special design (Saco Lowell „Rovematic“ frame)
    • Accessories
      • Monitoring devices
        • The need for such devices
        • Sliver stop motions
        • Roving stop motion
        • Roving tension monitoring
      • Blower apparatus
    • Automation
      • Potential for automation
      • Doffing
        • Preparation for doffing
        • Manual doffing
        • Automatic doffing
      • Transport of bobbins to the ring spinning machine
    • Technical data (normal values)
    • Appendix
• • The Ring Spinning Machine
    • Introduction
  • Function and Mode of Operation
    • Task
    • Operating principle
  • Structural Configuration of the Machine
    • Basic frame and superstructure
    • The bobbin creel
    • The drafting system
      • Influence on quality and economy
      • Conceptual structure of the drafting system
      • The top rollers
        • Types
        • Covers
      • Pressure roller loading
        • Loading options
        • Spring-loaded pressure arm (Texparts PK 225, for example)
        • Pressure arm with pneumatic loading (Rieter FS 160 P 3.1, for example)
      • Fiber guidance devices
        • Options on the ring spinning machine
        • Double apron drafting system with long bottom apron
        • Double apron drafting system with short bottom apron
    • The spindle
      • The threadline
      • Spindle structure
      • The spindle bearing
      • Influence of the spindle on the spinning process
      • The spindle drive
        • Types
        • 4-spindle tape drive
        • Tangential belt drive
    • The thread guide devices
      • The thread guide
      • The balloon checking ring (BER) (antiballooning device)
      • The separators
    • The ring
      • The importance of ring and traveler
      • The ring shape
        • Basic shapes
        • T-flange rings
        • The „anti-wedge“ ring
        • The „cropped ring“ (standard ring)
        • Inclined-flange rings
      • The ring material
      • Attachment of the rings
      • The demands imposed on the ring when operating on the machine
      • Fiber lubrication on the ring
      • Running-in new rings
      • Follower rings
    • The ring traveler
      • Task and function
      • Types
      • Traveler shape
      • The traveler material
      • Traveler mass
      • The traveler clearer
  • The Machine Drive
    • The drive problem
    • Motors used
    • Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors
      • The motor
      • Pole-changing three-phase motors
      • Squirrel-cage induction motors with variable speed gears on the load side
      • The A.S.S. drive
    • Three-phase shunt motor (commutator motor)
    • DC shunt motor
  • Cop Buildup
    • Cop shape
    • The winding process
    • The winding mechanism
    • Forming the base
    • Motor-powered cop formation
  • Automation
    • The need for automation
    • The potential for automation
    • Doffing
      • Preparation for doffing
      • Manual doffing
      • Automatic doffing
        • Types of doffing system
        • Components of the system
        • Doffing preparation
        • Doffing the cops
        • Creeling the tubes
        • Completion of doffing
    • Automated cop transport
      • Appropriateness of automation
      • Interconnected transport
      • Interconnected machines
    • Piecing devices
    • Roving stop motions
    • Monitoring
      • The purpose of this equipment
      • RINGDATA by Zellweger
      • Individual Spindle Monitoring (ISM) by Rieter
      • Mill information systems
        • Requirements
        • Structure of mill information systems
        • Explanation of the Rieter SPIDERweb system by way of example
  • Auxiliary Equipment
    • Fiber extraction
      • The system
      • Vacuum and energy consumption
    • Blowers (traveling cleaners)
      • The problem of dust and fly
      • Types
      • Agitators
      • Blower/suction systems
      • Tracks
  • Compact Spinning
    • Basic situation
    • Solution to the problem
    • Implementation of the basic solution
    • Advantages of condensing
  • Technological Addenda
    • Spinning geometry
      • Terms
      • The spinning triangle
        • The formation of the spinning triangle
        • The dimensions of the spinning triangle (width and length)
        • Influence on the ends down rate
        • Influence on the yarn structure
        • Concluding remarks on the spinning triangle
      • Spinning length E
      • Spinning angle γ
      • Roller overhang
      • Other dimensions in spinning geometry
    • Quality standards
      • A new approach to quality
        • General
        • Dimensioned quality
        • Overdimensioned quality
        • Underdimensioned quality
        • Quality that is as good as required
      • Quality standards according to Uster Statistics
        • General
        • Mass variation
        • Imperfections
        • Tensile properties (breaking tenacity, at 5 m/min)
• Rotor Spinning
  • The Importance of Rotor Spinning
    • Historical background
    • Development and current status of rotor spinning
    • The potential of rotor spinning
      • General
      • The technological potential of rotor spinning
      • The economic potential of rotor spinning
    • The principle of rotor spinning
    • Performance parameters of rotor spinning machines
      • Technological setting parameters
      • Production-related setting parameters
      • Machine data
  • Machinery and Process
    • Structure of the rotor spinning machine
    • Operating principle of the rotor spinning machine
    • The spinning box
      • General
      • Sliver feed
      • Opening unit
      • Trash removal
      • Fiber transport to the rotor
      • Fiber transport to the fiber collecting groove in the rotor
      • Yarn formation and twist insertion
      • Rotor speed and rotor diameter
      • Rotor cleaning
      • Rotor bearing and drive
      • Yarn take-off
    • Package formation
      • General
      • Winding, stop motion and quality control
      • Compensation of winding tension
      • Winding helix and delivery speed
      • Anti-patterning device
      • Edge displacement at package shoulders
      • Length measurement
      • Yarn waxing device
    • Drives
    • Suction systems
      • General
      • Suction system machine
      • Suction system robot
    • Operating and monitoring
    • Quality control systems
      • General
      • Quality control systems as integral components of rotor spinning machines
      • Comparison of measuring methods
    • Production monitoring
  • Machine and Transport Automation
    • General
    • Machine automation in rotor spinning
      • General
      • Application options for operating robots
        • General
        • Machines with a single operating robot
        • Machines with two operating robots
        • Machines with three operating robots
        • Machines with four operating robots
      • Automatic piecing
        • General
        • Automatic piecing after ends down and quality stops
        • Automatic piecing after package change
        • Piecing speed and piecing quality
      • Semi-automatic piecing system on manually operated machines
      • Automatic package change
        • General
        • Package change and spinning start-up on empty tubes in a single operation (integrated automation)
        • Package change and spinning start-up with starter packages in two separate operations
        • Yarn end placement
      • Batch change
        • General
        • Batch change at individual spinning positions
        • Batch change on one side of the machine
        • Batch change on the machine as a whole
      • Supplying empty tubes
      • Automatic sliver piecing after can change
    • Transport automation in the rotor spinning mill
      • General
      • The importance of can format for automated can change
      • Can transport between the drawframe and the rotor spinning machine
      • Package transport between the rotor spinning machine and subsequent zones
  • Applications Engineering
    • Raw material selection
    • Fiber properties
      • General
      • Fiber count
      • Fiber length
      • Fiber tenacity and fiber elongation
    • Preparation of raw material
      • General
      • Disturbing materials in the cotton
        • General
        • Organic and inorganic impurities
        • Yarn remnants
        • Quartz sand and mineral dust
        • Honeydew
      • Processing problems with man-made fibers
        • General
        • Spin finish (MMF)
        • Delustrants (MMF)
      • The processing stages
        • General
        • Blowroom
        • Cards
        • Drawframes
        • Combing
    • Ranges of application of the spinning elements
      • General
      • Range of application of the opening roller
      • Range of application of the rotor
      • Range of application of draw-off nozzles and draw-off tubes
        • Draw-off nozzles
        • Draw-off tubes with and without ceramic insert (TWISTstop)
    • Components for manufacturing fancy yarns
    • Selection and influence of draft and yarn twist
      • General
      • Draft
      • Yarn twist and twist multiplyer
    • Yarn and machine data for the main rotor-spun yarns
    • Ambient conditions in the spinning mill
    • Downstream processing and end products
      • Processing properties
      • Fabrics made from rotor-spun yarn
        • General
        • Bed sheetings
        • Emery cloth backing
        • Denim fabrics
        • Flannel fabrics / beaver sheets
        • Terry fabrics
        • Knitted fabrics / T-Shirts
        • Sportswear / leisurewear
      • Finishing
  • Technology
    • Yarn formation
      • Fiber flow to the rotor
      • Fiber collection in the rotor groove (back-doubling)
      • Twist insertion and yarn formation
    • Genuine and false twist
    • Wrapper fibers
    • Yarn structure and physical textile characteristics
      • General
      • Count-related yarn tenacity (cN/tex)
      • Elongation at break (%)
      • Yarn hairiness
      • Yarn irregularity (CVm%)
      • Imperfections (thin places, thick places, neps)
  • Economics of Rotor Spinning
    • General
    • Cost structures of comparable rotor-spun and ring-spun yarns
    • Lower labor costs due to advantages in transport and service
    • Reduced labor costs in downstream processing
  • References
• • Alternative Spinning Processes
    • Synopsis
      • Introduction
      • Summary of new spinning processes
      • Possibilities for using the various spinning processes
  • The Various Spinning Methods
    • Open-end spinning processes
      • The basic principle of yarn formation
      • Electrostatic spinning
        • Operating principle
        • Specification
      • Air-vortex spinning
        • Operating principle
        • Specification
      • Friction spinning
        • Operating principle
        • Classification
        • Technological relationships
        • Advantages and disadvantages
        • Dref-2000
        • Specification of Dref-2000
        • The Platt Saco Lowell Masterspinner
        • Specification of the Masterspinner
      • The University of Manchester Discspinner
    • Twist spinning
    • Friction (self-twist) method
      • Technological interrelationships
      • Repco spinning (self-twist spinning by Platt Saco Lowell)
      • Specification of the Repco spinner
    • Wrap spinning
      • Operating principle
      • ParafiL system by Suessen
        • Operating principle
        • Specification
      • Technological and economic interrelationships
    • The False-twist process
      • The false-twist principle
        • Generation of false twist
        • Forming a yarn with the aid of false twist
        • Spinning elements
      • Two nozzle air-jet spinning
        • Operating principle
        • Raw material requirements
        • Yarn characteristics
        • Interrelationships in spinning technology
        • Economics
        • Specification of the MJS machine
        • Industrial impact of the MJS machine
      • Dref-3000 process
        • Operating principle
        • Raw material used
        • Specification
        • Industrial impact of Dref-3000
      • PLYfiL spinning process
        • Improved market prospects for plied yarns
        • Specification of the short-staple machine
    • Air-jet spinning
      • Development
      • Principle of operation
      • Raw material requirements
      • Drafting unit
      • Spinning nozzle
      • Winding
      • Automation
      • Yarn structure
      • Yarn properties
        • General
        • Yarn strength
        • Yarn evenness, thin and thick places
        • Neps
        • Hairiness
        • Yarn abrasion resistance
      • Downstream processing and end products
      • Economics
        • General
        • Manpower
        • Space
        • Energy
        • Waste
      • Market impact
      • Comparison of air-jet spinning systems
  • Summary and Outlook
    • Processing principles
      • Types of Operation
      • Twist potential and system limitations
    • Field of use
      • Spinning mill process
      • Yarn count range
    • Yarn characteristics
      • Number of fibers in cross-section
      • Characteristic yarn properties
      • Differences in strength
    • Economic comparison
      • Productivity of the process
    • Outlook